采用配方均匀设计法利用脱水污泥制备陶粒的研究

长期以来,对城市污水处理后产生的污泥处置一直是环保的难题,传统的处理处置方法均存在诸多问题,寻求一种好的处理处置污泥方法迫在眉睫。针对目前的问题运用带约束条件的配方均匀设计方法对粉煤灰-脱水污泥陶粒配方进行实验设计,运用三叶回转窑进行小试。研究了陶粒组分中粉煤灰、污泥、黏土的比例对烧成陶粒堆积密度、颗粒强度的影响;确定了最佳物料配比,使陶粒的性能测试指标均符合GB/17431.2-1998标准的规定。实验结果表明:烧制陶粒湿比例下脱水污泥用量达45%,干比例污泥用量15.2%,污泥减量化和资源化效果显著;陶粒浸出毒性实验结果表明各项指标均低于浸出液中危害成分浓度限值,达到了污泥无害化的效果;粉煤灰、污泥和黏土的优化质量(干)比例为79%,15.2%,5.8%;陶粒的堆积密度为600 kg/m3,筒压强度2.2 MPa,1 h吸水率10.2%,粒型系数1.3。     

Characterization of particle number concentrations and PM<Subscript>2.5</Subscript> in a school: influence of outdoor air pollution on indoor air

Background, Aim and Scope  

The impact of air pollution on school children’s health is currently one of the key foci of international and national agencies. Of particular concern are ultrafine particles which are emitted in large quantities, contain large concentrations of toxins and are deposited deeply in the respiratory tract.     

Habitat selection of Asiatic toad, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Bufo gargarizans</Emphasis> (Cantor, 1842), in southwestern China

We studied feeding and shelter site selection by an Asiatic toad(Bufo gargarizans) from March to November 2006 in southwestern China. Toads emerged to select significantly more often bare surfaces or low vegetable as feeding sites at night. Toads used daily shelters similar to those described for other terrestrial amphibians, but vegetable cover was a crucial factor for their shelter selection in lacking rock crevices and hollow trees. At the same time, our results showed surficial temperatures greatly influenced feeding activity of toads.     

Nitrous oxide generation in denitrifying phosphorus removal process: main causes and control measures

Despite the many benefits of denitrifying phosphorus removal process, the significant generation of nitrous oxide (N₂O), a potent greenhouse gas, remains a problem for this innovative and promising process. To better understand and more effectively control N₂O generation in denitrifying phosphorus removal process, batch experiments were carried out to investigate the main causes of N₂O generation, based on which the control measures were subsequently proposed. The results showed that N₂O generation accounted for 0.41 % of the total nitrogen removal in denitrifying phosphorus removal process, whereas, in contrast, almost no N₂O was generated in conventional denitrification process. It was further demonstrated that the weak competition of N₂O reductase for electrons and the high nitrite accumulation were the two main causes for N₂O generation, evidenced by N₂O production and reduction rates under different conditions. Accordingly, the reduction of N₂O generation was successfully achieved via two control measures: (1) the use of continuous nitrate addition reducing N₂O generation by around 91.4 % and (2) the use of propionate as the carbon source reducing N₂O generation by around 69.8 %.     

自燃煤矸石山覆盖材料压缩及压实特性实验

自燃煤矸石山表面构建覆盖层，需要具备一定的低渗透性能以有效阻隔空气，防止煤矸石山内部发生自燃。本研究通过室内实验，测定煤矸石山构建覆盖层涉及的碾压材料包括黄土、粉煤灰及掺有粉煤灰的混合土样的界限含水率、一维压缩特性及压实特性，揭示和分析7种覆盖材料配方的压缩压实特性，表明覆盖材料通过碾压可有效阻隔空气，起到阻燃作用；将粉煤灰掺人到一般黄土材料中，可减缓混合土样击实曲线的陡峭性，从而降低材料在碾压中对含水率的敏感度。实验旨在为进行煤矸石山覆盖层碾压提供科学的实验数据及设计参数。     

双氯芬酸的吸附去除过程与机制

研究了非甾体抗炎药双氯芬酸的吸附去除过程与机制。对吸附处理效果较好的活性炭与纳米羟基氧化铁（α-FeOOH）进行了比表面积、Zeta电位等表面特性的表征，研究比较了双氯芬酸在活性炭与α—FeOOH2种材料上的吸附去除效果与吸附机制。结果表明，在相同的实验条件下，活性炭与α-FeOOH对双氯芬酸吸附去除率可分别达到97．9％和84．3％；双氯芬酸在活性炭上的吸附主要是由于活性炭较大的比表面积与疏水分配作用，在α-FeOOH上的吸附主要是由于静电引力作用；活性炭与α-FeOOH对双氯芬酸的吸附去除效果均随pH的升高而降低；在pH=6时，活性炭与α-FeOOH对双氯芬酸钠的吸附等温线均符合Langmuir方程，单位饱和吸附量分别为109．98mg／g和58．96mg／g；活性炭对双氯芬酸具有更强的吸附能力。     

CTMAB／SDS改性沸石对水中痕量邻苯二甲酸酯吸附机制

以季铵盐阳离子表面活性剂CTMAB及阴离子表面活性剂SDS对粉末状天然沸石进行复合改性，制备得到了CTMAB／SDS改性沸石。对改性沸石及天然沸石进行红外吸收光谱及XRD衍射表征，并研究了PAEs在天然沸石和CT-MAB／SDS改性沸石上的吸附机制。结果表明，阴阳离子表面活性剂没有对层状结构的键型造成较大的影响；PAEs在天然沸石和CTMAB／SDS改性沸石上的吸附更符合表面吸附一分配作用复合模型；PAEs的表面吸附和分配作用对吸附作用的贡献主要受吸附剂中有机质含量及吸附物质大小、极性及溶解度的影响。     

锆(Ⅳ)负载交联壳聚糖吸附硫酸根的性能

以甲醛、苯甲醛为交联剂,制备交联壳聚糖树脂,再与锆(Ⅳ)离子反应制备锆负载交联壳聚糖吸附剂。采用静态吸附法考察了该吸附剂对水中硫酸根离子(SO24-)的吸附性能。实验发现,吸附时间2 h,SO24-溶液初始浓度500 mg/L,pH值3.0,溶液温度35℃为较优的吸附条件;吸附过程符合Langmuir等温吸附模型,属于优惠吸附型,吸附容量可达78.65 mg/g;吸附过程较好地符合拟二级动力学模型;锆负载前后交联壳聚糖对硫酸根的吸附量提高了约4.5倍;该吸附剂具有良好的耐酸性和再生性能。     

乌蕨孢子繁殖技术的研究

研究了乌蕨(Stenoloma chusanum(L.)Ching)孢子无菌繁殖和常规繁殖方法。结果表明,乌蕨孢子在1/4MS培养基培养时的萌发率最高,达85.3%;在1/2MS培养基中的配子体成苗率最高,达85.9%;1/2MS培养基是培养优质孢子体苗的最佳培养基;河沙与草炭土体积比为1∶1的混合基质是播种孢子的理想基质,孢子萌发率和配子体成苗率分别达到82.6%和73.4%;无菌繁殖和常规繁殖所得的幼孢子体苗移栽成活率均达90%以上。     

垂直厌氧折流板反应器处理树脂废水的中试研究

介绍了采用垂直厌氧折流板反应器(VABR)处理离子交换树脂生产废水的中试实验装置以及实验研究过程,并着重分析了COD容积负荷和盐分对COD的去除率及出水VFA的影响,并确定了该废水的厌氧产沼气率。研究结果表明,在中温(37±1℃)环境下,容积负荷在9 kg COD/(m3.d)左右时,HRT为24 h的条件下,VABR对COD的平均去除率保持在70%左右,平均每去除1 kg COD约产生沼气0.44 m3,且运行稳定。